By ALAN FRAM
Associated Press Writer
WASHINGTON
First it was people earning at least $1 million a year. Now Democrats seeking their next election-year target for tax increases on better-off Americans may have found it: the owners of many privately held corporations.
Democrats are considering trying to make it harder for owners of so-called S corporations to avoid paying Social Security and Medicare payroll taxes on some of their earnings, said a Senate Democratic aide speaking on condition of anonymity to reveal an emerging party strategy.
Though decisions have not been finalized, the proposal would affect such companies with earnings of at least $250,000 annually and would raise roughly $5 billion to $6 billion over the coming decade, the aide said. Sen. Tom Harkin, D-Iowa, said Democrats would use the measure to pay for a bill backed by President Barack Obama that would keep college students’ loan rates from doubling this summer, though it might end up being used instead to finance another initiative or for deficit reduction.
The Democratic tax plan, which has been under discussion among congressional and Obama administration aides, would tighten the definition of S corporation income on which payroll taxes must be paid. The idea is likely to face strong Republican opposition in the Senate, but Democrats believe there would be political value in forcing GOP senators to vote on the measure, win or lose.
S corporations are a widely used way of forming businesses, commonly used by many professional service practices like doctors and lawyers, as well as by construction, retail and real estate companies. There are more than 4 million of them in the United States. They are named after the subchapter of the tax code that defines them.
A 2009 report by the Government Accountability Office, an investigative agency of Congress, estimated that in 2003 and 2004, shareholders of S corporations underreported wages by nearly $24 billion, “which could result in billions in annual employment tax underpayments.”
By law, S corporations are not publicly traded. They may have no more than 100 owners, but the overwhelming majority are owned by just a small handful of people: 6 in 10 have a single shareholder and more than 9 in 10 have three or fewer, according to that same Government Accountability Office report.
Democrats believe the proposal could feed their campaign push for tax equity, just like the “Buffett rule” vote they forced in the Senate last week and lost, which would have required people making $1 million annually to pay a minimum amount of federal income taxes. They cite reports that drew attention to two politicians using S corporations as tax shelters: former Republican House Speaker Newt Gingrich, who has challenged Mitt Romney for their party’s presidential nomination, and former North Carolina Sen. John Edwards, who contended for the 2008 Democratic presidential nomination.
Republicans said that while instances like Edwards’ use of an S corporation to avoid paying payroll taxes deserve scrutiny, they think the Democratic strategy will backfire.
Brian Reardon, executive director of the S Corporation Association, said the Internal Revenue Service already has the ability to pursue people who don’t pay the taxes they owe. He said he believed the Democratic plan would be “less workable, less enforceable” than existing rules.
S corporations do not pay corporate income taxes. The company’s earnings flow through to their owners, who include them in the individual income taxes they pay.
But those owners only have to pay Social Security and Medicare payroll taxes, which this year are 5.65 percent for workers and 13.3 percent for self-employed people, on company earnings that they declare to be their salaries. They owe no payroll taxes on the part of their compensation that they consider to come from their firm’s profits.
The IRS says S corporation owners must consider a reasonable portion of their earnings to be salaries, but there have been disputes over how to interpret that.
A similar proposal by Senate Democrats went nowhere in 2010. This year Rep. Pete Stark, D-Calif., introduced a similar bill that has languished in the GOP-run House.